3.5 Approximants
(1) Liquids /l, r/ and glides /y, w/ form the category of approxi-
mants.
        Approximants are joined with stops or fricatives in two-member English 
        onset clusters.
                   onset                    onset
            /l/ :   sl,  fl            /w/:   sw, ɵw
            /r/ :   fr, ɵr, ʃr         /j/ :   mj,  fj, vj, hj
            
    (2)  When the first member of the onset cluster is a voiceless obstruent,
         approximants are devoiced:  pray, sleep, sweet
(3) Liquids can be syllabic in English: Nasals required an obstruent as
the
         preceding segment to become syllabic, while liquids can accept any
         consonant for this condition.
             e.g.)  channel [ʧæ.n ]     kennel [kɛ.n  ]
                    apple[           ],   removal[             ],  pickle[             ],  eagle[        ] 
 
          (4)  When the consonant that precedes the lateral is preceded by another
          consonant, we normally insert an [ə] between the liquid and the consonant 
          preceding it, and thus, the liquid does not become syllabic.
            e.g.)  pistol [pɪstəl],      tingle [tɪŋgəl],      candle [kændəl] 
     (5)  The alveolar lateral liquid, /l/, which is produced with varying degree of
          “velarization” is articulated in a more forward (dental) fashion when it is
           followed by an interdental fricative: 
            e.g.)   wealth                kill them
     (6)  The retroflex approximant /r/ is produced with the tip of the tongue 
          curled back toward the hard palate in AmE. The /r/ is produced with 
          friction (affricated) in onset clusters after the alveolar stops:
             e.g.)  try,     dry
      ♣ Answer the questions 2, 3, 5 in Exercises on page 75.
      
 
     4. English Vowels
  4.2  Vowel Set of American English   
    
                                 FRONT          CENTRAL       BACK
        HIGH             beat [i]                                [u] boot
                               bit  [ɪ]                              [ʊ] book      
        MID(high-mid)      bait [e]            an [ə]        [o] boat     
              (low-mid)         bet [ɛ]                          [ɔ] cloth
        LOW                                        bus [ʌ]
                                     bat [æ]                        [a] pot
4.2.2 Tense-lax
       The phonetic definition of “tense” vowel: 
            (a) It has a higher tongue position
            (b) It has greater duration than its lax counterpart.
            (c) It requires a greater muscular effort in production than the lax 
vowel.
  4.2  Vowel Set of American English   
    
                                 FRONT          CENTRAL       BACK
        HIGH             beat [i]                                [u] boot
                               bit  [ɪ]                              [ʊ] book      
        MID(high-mid)      bait [e]            an [ə]        [o] boat     
              (low-mid)         bet [ɛ]                          [ɔ] cloth
        LOW                                        bus [ʌ]
                                     bat [æ]                        [a] pot
4.2.2 Tense-lax
       The phonetic definition of “tense” vowel: 
            (a) It has a higher tongue position
            (b) It has greater duration than its lax counterpart.
            (c) It requires a greater muscular effort in production than the lax
vowel.
 
     - To summarize the tendencies in mutually exclusive environ-
ments, we can say
that phonologically “tense” vowels are typically found in
stressed open
syllables, while “lax” vowels are found in syllables with /ʃ/ or /ŋ/
coda.
- /o/ is Phonetically tense, while /ɔ/ phonetically lax. But they both can be
phonologically tense. (e.g. gnaw, thaw )
    -  There will be a  problem with regard to “duration,” which the phonetically 
        based criterion focuses on:  
                   shorter lax :/ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ʌ/      longer lax: /æ/
- To summarize the tendencies in mutually exclusive environ-
ments, we can say
that phonologically “tense” vowels are typically found in
stressed open
syllables, while “lax” vowels are found in syllables with /ʃ/ or /ŋ/
coda.
- /o/ is Phonetically tense, while /ɔ/ phonetically lax. But they both can be
phonologically tense. (e.g. gnaw, thaw )
    -  There will be a  problem with regard to “duration,” which the phonetically
        based criterion focuses on:  
                   shorter lax :/ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ʌ/      longer lax: /æ/