4.6 Diphthongs
4.6 Diphthong
- The three diphthongs of American English, /aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/ can appear in all
word position, are all stressed on the first vowel, and all end in a high
vowel.
( Refer to Figure 4.3 on page 90)
- Three types of diphthongs:
(a) fronting diphthong: /e/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/
(b) backing diphthong: /aʊ/, /o/
(c) centering diphthong: /ɪə/, /ɛə/, /aə/, /ɔə/, /ʊə/
- Triphthongs: diphthongs + /r/
e+r, aɪ+r, ɔɪ+r, aʊ+r, o+r
/eə/, /aɪə/, /ɔɪə/, /aʊə/, /oə/
- Triphthongs and centering diphthongs can have rhotic(r-coloring) sound /ɚ/
instead of /ə/.
4.9 Full Vowels-Reduced Vowels
- While all vowels of English (except [ə]) can occur in stressed syllables,
many of these vowels reveal alternations with an [ə] in unstressed sylla-
bles
in a morphologically related word.
- A vowel’s appearance in an unstressed syllable does not necessarily
result
in a reduced vowel [ə]. It is possible for the English vowels to appear in
full
(unreduced) form in unstressed syllables.
/i/ labial /ɔ/ causality
/ɪ/ implicit /o/ location
/e/ rotate /ʊ/ boyhood
/ɛ/ centennial /u/ acoustician
/æ/ sarcasm /aɪ/ titration
/a/ October /aʊ/ outside
/ɔɪ/ exploitation
- The unidirectional generalization to be made is the following: while a
reduced vowel is necessarily in an unstressed syllable, a vowel in an
unstressed syllable is not necessarily reduced.
- A vowel’s appearance in an unstressed syllable does not necessarily
result
in a reduced vowel [ə]. It is possible for the English vowels to appear in
full
(unreduced) form in unstressed syllables.
/i/ labial /ɔ/ causality
/ɪ/ implicit /o/ location
/e/ rotate /ʊ/ boyhood
/ɛ/ centennial /u/ acoustician
/æ/ sarcasm /aɪ/ titration
/a/ October /aʊ/ outside
/ɔɪ/ exploitation
- The unidirectional generalization to be made is the following: while a
reduced vowel is necessarily in an unstressed syllable, a vowel in an
unstressed syllable is not necessarily reduced.
- We have used [ə] in reduced syllables:
e.g.) implication [ɪmplɪkeʃən], [ɪmpləkeʃən]
- However, it is not uncommon to find an [ɪ] in people’s speech. In general,
[ɪ] is found before palato-alveolars (selfish [sɛlfɪʃ], sandiwich [sændwɪʧ],
marriage [mærɪʤ]) and velars(metric [mɛtrɪk], running [rʌnɪŋ]).
- Reduced syllables are necessarily unstressed, and [ə] cannot ap-
pear in
a stressed syllable.
- In unstressed syllables, the range of pronunciation values of the three
vowels
/i , o, u/ extends to the central [ə] area:
[i, o, u] [ə, ə, ə] ← unstressed vowels
record [rikɔrd] [rəkɔrd]
produce [produs] [prədus]
regular [rɛgjulɚ] [rɛgjəlɚ]
4.10 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak)
Forms of
Function Words
- Refer to page 97-99
♣ Answer the questions 3, 4, 5, 6 on page 100-101.