(6) Lateral release(lateral plosion) in a sequence of stop + homorganic lateral:
cattle/t+l/, middle/d+l/, Bud Light /d+l/, at last /t+l/
(In both cattle and middle, the released lateral /l/ is also syllabic [ ].)
cf) If there is no homorganicity, lateral release does not appear.
: The final lateral is syllabic but has no release.
(7) Dentalized stop: Alveolar stops are realized as dental when they occur
immediately before interdentals:
bad things great things
(8) Flap: Converting an intervocalic alveolar stop /t, d/ to a voiced flap(tap) [ɾ],
when the second syllable is not stressed:
letter, atom, header, ladder
♣ If the alveolar stop is the onset
of a stressed syllable, the flap does not occur.
does not occur:
attic [ǽɾɪk] / attack [əthǽk]
(6) Lateral release(lateral plosion) in a sequence of stop + homorganic lateral
cattle/t+l/, middle/d+l/, Bud Light /d+l/, at last /t+l/
(In both cattle and middle, the released lateral /l/ is also syllabic [ ].)
cf) If there is no homorganicity, lateral release does not appear.
: The final lateral is syllabic but has no release.
(7) Dentalized stop: Alveolar stops are realized as dental when they occur
immediately before interdentals:
bad things great things
(8) Flap: Converting an intervocalic alveolar stop /t, d/ to a voiced flap(tap) [ɾ],
when the second syllable is not stressed:
letter, atom, header, ladder
♣ If the alveolar stop is the onset
of a stressed syllable, the flap does not occur.
does not occur:
attic [ǽɾɪk] / attack [əthǽk]
- The flap is also valid across word boundaries;
at all [əɾɔl] (flapped because /t/ is the coda of the unstressed syllable)
a tall [ə tɔl] (not flapped because /t/ is the onset of the stressed syllable)
(Similaly, might I [máɪɾaɪ], my tie [maɪ táɪ])
- Although, in a great majority of cases of flapping, the first vowel is stressed,
this is not a necessary condition, i.e. flapping occurs between two unstressed
vowels;
♣ Thus, the only condition related to stress is that the target alveolar stop
cannot be in a stressed syllable.
- There are two other environments that seem to provide the context for this
process.
(a) the r-coloring of the first vowel; porter [pɔrɾɚ], border [bɔrɾɚ]
(b) the following syllabic liquid; little [lɪɾl], cattle [kæɾl], bitter [bɪɾɚ],
butter [bʌɾɚ]
- The flap is also valid across word boundaries;
at all [əɾɔl] (flapped because /t/ is the coda of the unstressed syllable)
a tall [ə tɔl] (not flapped because /t/ is the onset of the stressed syllable)
(Similaly, might I [máɪɾaɪ], my tie [maɪ táɪ])
- Although, in a great majority of cases of flapping, the first vowel is stressed,
this is not a necessary condition, i.e. flapping occurs between two unstresse
vowels;
♣ Thus, the only condition related to stress is that the target alveolar stop
cannot be in a stressed syllable.
- There are two other environments that seem to provide the context for this
process.
(a) the r-coloring of the first vowel; porter [pɔrɾɚ], border [bɔrɾɚ]
(b) the following syllabic liquid; little [lɪɾl], cattle [kæɾl], bitter [bɪɾɚ],
butter [bʌɾɚ]
(9) Palatalized affrication: Alveolar stops of English are produced with
considerable affrication as onsets when they are followed by /r/.
The tongue tip touches behind the alveolar ridge, exactly to the point
where affricates /ʧ, ʤ/ are produced: train, drain
- /t, d/ may turn into palato-alveolar affricates when they are followed by the
palatal glide in the following word; did you [ ]
ate your dinner [ ]
(10) /t/-deletion: In the homorganic sequence /-nt-/, /t/ is deleted in
pronunciation when the stress is in the preceding syllable. So the creation
of homophonous productions for pairs is possible:
planner-planter, canner-canter, winner-winter, tenor-tenter.
- The loss of /t/ is also seen in many other examples: rental, dental, renter,
dented, twenty, gigantic, Toronto
- However, /t/-deletion does not occur in these, when the stress in the follow-
ing
syllable: contáin, intérred, entwíned
(9) Palatalized affrication: Alveolar stops of English are produced with
considerable affrication as onsets when they are followed by /r/.
The tongue tip touches behind the alveolar ridge, exactly to the point
where affricates /ʧ, ʤ/ are produced: train, drain
- /t, d/ may turn into palato-alveolar affricates when they are followed by the
palatal glide in the following word; did you [ ]
ate your dinner [ ]
(10) /t/-deletion: In the homorganic sequence /-nt-/, /t/ is deleted in
pronunciation when the stress is in the preceding syllable. So the creation
of homophonous productions for pairs is possible:
planner-planter, canner-canter, winner-winter, tenor-tenter.
- The loss of /t/ is also seen in many other examples: rental, dental, renter,
dented, twenty, gigantic, Toronto
- However, /t/-deletion does not occur in these, when the stress in the follow
ing
syllable: contáin, intérred, entwíned
(11) Glottal stop
A glottal stop is the sound tha occurs when the vocal cords are held tightly
together. In most speakers of American and British English, glottal stops or
the preglottalized /t/ are commonly found as allophones of /t/ in words such
as Batman [bæʔ.mæn], Hitler [hɪʔ.lɚ], atlas [æʔ.ləs], Atlanta [əʔ.læn.tə],
he hit me [hi.hɪʔ.mi], eat well [ ], hot water [ ].
- The glottal stop of /t/ is not allowed in atrocious [ə.tro.ʃəs],
attraction [ə.træk.ʃən]; /t/ in the onset position is not glottalized.
- Permissible Glottal Stop:
(a) /t/ in a syllable-final position: Atlanta [əʔ.læn.tə], Batman [bæʔ.mæn]
(b) /t/ before syllabic nasal: beaten [bi.ʔn], kitten [kɪ.ʔn]
(c) Preglottalization inserting a glottal stop before /t/ or voiceless
stops:
hit [hɪʔt], tap [tæʔp], sack [sæʔk]
♣ For the velar stop, refer to page 64.
